Reframing New Zealand’s Biosecurity Conversation Post-Covid-19: An Argument for Integrating Interspecies Concerns

Author: McDonald, D. A.
Published in National Security Journal, 24 August 2020

58 Ministry for Primary Industries, Situation and Outlook for Primary Industries, (Wellington: Ministry for Primary Industries, December 2019), https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/38930-sit­uation-and-outlook-for-primary-industries-sopi-december-2019. See also Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: New Zealand, (Paris: Secretary-General of the OECD, 2017), https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9789264268203-en.pd­f?expires=1595300771&id=id&accname=ocid177563&checksum=FD6388B0198C11032453B58F1DB­FC546.

59 Ministry for Primary Industries, December 2019.

60 Ibid.

61 Ministry for Primary Industries, Economic Update for the Primary Industries, (Wellington: Ministry for Primary Industries, June 2020), https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/40808/direct.

62 Ibid.

63 Ibid.

64 Ibid.

65 Department of Conservation, 2016. Norton et. al, 2016.

66 Norton et. al, 2016.

67 Radio New Zealand, “Air New Zealand Job Cuts Rushed, Poorly Planned – Union”, 10 April 2020, https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/business/413947/air-new-zealand-job-cuts-rushed-poorly-planned-union. Amanda Cropp, “Tourism Says Many Jobs Will Go Despite $400M Budget Rescue Package”, Stuff, 14 May 2020, https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/121510219/tourism-says-many-jobs-will-go-despite-400m-budget-rescue-package?rm=a.

68 Jason Walls, “Covid-19 Coronavirus: Govt Spending $4.4 Billion Higher than Forecast as Deficits Loom”, NZ Herald, 8 May 2020, https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objec­tid=12330506.

69 Trampusch, 2014.

70 Max Towle, “How the Climate is Benefiting from COVID-19”, Radio New Zealand, 24 March 2020, https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/412526/how-the-climate-is-benefiting-from-covid-19. For an alternative view about COVID-19’s impact on the environment, see National Geographic, “Why COVID-19 Will End Up Harming the Environment”, 18 June 2020, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/06/why-covid-19-will-end-up-harming-the-environment/.

71 Mark McNeill, Tracy Payne and Denise Bewsell. “Tourists as Vectors of Potential Invasive Alien Species and a Strategy to Reduce Risk.” Re-creating Tourism: New Zealand Tourism and Hospital­ity Research Conference (December 2008). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303698468_Tourists_as_vectors_of_potential_invasive_alien_species_and_a_strategy_to_reduce_risk. See also Ministry for Primary Industries, 2016.

72 Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, https://www.mbie.govt.nz/immigra­tion-and-tourism/tourism/tourism-funding/international-visitor-conservation-and-tourism-levy/.

73 Jacques Tassin and Christian Kull. “Facing the Broader Dimensions of Biological Inva­sions.” Land Use Policy, 42 (2015): 165-169, p. 166.

74 See Waitangi Tribunal, Ko Aotearoa Tēnei: Report on the WAI262 Claim (Wellington: Ministry of Justice, 2011), https://waitangitribunal.govt.nz/news/ko-aotearoa-tenei-report-on-the-wai-262-claim-re­leased/.

75 Mark Williamson and Alastair Fitter. “The Varying Success of Invaders.” Ecology, 77, no. 6 (1996): 1661 – 1666. The ‘tens-rule’ was established in the northern hemisphere and should be interpreted cau­tiously, although it is instructive in demonstrating that not all imported species are problematic to local biodiversity.

76 Lesley Head and Pat Muir. “Nativeness, Invasiveness, and Nation in Australian Plants.” Geographi­cal Review, 94, no. 2 (2004): 199-217.

77 Franklin Ginn. “Extension, Subversion, Containment: Eco-nationalism and (Post)colonial Nature in Aotearoa New Zealand.” Trans Inst Br Geogr, 33 (2008): 335–353.

78 Elisha Foon, “Spike in Racism During Pandemic, Human Rights Commission Reports”, Radio New Zealand, 3 May 2020, https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/415691/spike-in-racism-during-pandemic-human-rights-commission-reports. Charlie Dreaver, “National MP’s Comments ‘Disgraceful, Racist’ – Megan Woods”, Radio New Zealand, 2 July 2020, https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/420379/nation­al-mp-s-comments-disgraceful-racist-megan-woods.