From Hijackings to Right-Wing Extremism: The Drivers of New Zealand’s Counter-terrorism Legislation 1977 – 2020

Author: Webb, Sheridan
Published in National Security Journal, 09 April 2021

References

1 Alex Conte, Human Rights in the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism (Berlin, London: Spring­er, 2010), 41, https://link-springer-com.ezproxy.massey.ac.nz/book/10.1007%2F978-3-642-11608-7.

2 Mahmoud Hmoud, Negotiating the Draft Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism: Major Bones of Contention. Journal of International Criminal Justice 4, no 5, quoted in Gilbert Ramsay, “Why Terrorism Can, But Should Not be Defined,” Critical Studies on Terrorism 8, no 2, (2015): 218, https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2014.988452

3 United Nations Charter of 1945, Article 39, https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/index.html.

4 Vincent-Joël Proulx, “A Post-Mortem for International Criminal Law? Terrorism, Law and Politics, and the Reaffirmation of State Sovereignty.” Harvard National Security Journal 11, no. 1 (2020): 193.

5 Proulx, “A Post-Mortem for International Criminal Law? Terrorism, Law and Politics, and the Reaf­firmation of State Sovereignty,” 158.

6 Conte, Human Rights in the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism, 57.

7 United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1373, https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc. asp?symbol=S/RES/1373 (2001)

8 John Battersby, “The Ghost of New Zealand’s Terrorism: Past and Present.” National Security Jour­nal, no. 1 (2019): 36; John Battersby, “Security Sector practitioner perceptions of the terror threat before the Christchurch attacks,” Kotuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online, 15:2 (2020), pp.5-6.

9 Andrew Geddis and Elana Geddis, “Addressing Terrorism in New Zealand’s Low Threat Environ­ment,” 190.

10 John Battersby, “The Ghost of New Zealand’s Terrorism: Past and Present.” 36.

11 John Battersby, “Terrorism Where Terror Is Not: Australian and New Zealand Terrorism Compared.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 41, no. 1 (2018), 68 -70.

12 John Battersby, “The Ghost of New Zealand’s Terrorism: Past and Present,” 36 – 42.

13 John Battersby, “The Ghost of New Zealand’s Terrorism: Past and Present,” 36.

14 Adam Dudding and John Hartevelt, “The end of our innocence,” Stuff, March 15 2019, https://in­teractives.stuff.co.nz/2019/03/end-of-our-innocence/; Our Foreign Staff, ‘End of Innocence: How world reacted to New Zealand terror attack, The Telegraph, March 16 2019, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/ news/2019/03/16/end-innocence-world-reacted-new-zealand-terror-attack/.

15 John Battersby, “The Ghost of New Zealand’s Terrorism: Past and Present,” 36.

16 John Battersby, “The Ghost of New Zealand’s Terrorism: Past and Present,” 45.

17 Andrew Geddis and Elana Geddis, “Addressing Terrorism in New Zealand’s Low Threat Environ­ment,” 191.

18 John Ip, “The Making of New Zealand’s Foreign Fighter Legislation: Timely Response or Undue Haste? 27 Public Law Review no. 181 (2016): 8

19 John Battersby and Rhys Ball, “Christchurch in the Context of New Zealand Terrorism and Right Wing Extremism.”202.

20 Terry Johanson, “Weapon of Mass Distraction: New Zealand’s National Security System.” Democ­racy and Security 13, no. 2 (2017): 112.

21 Prime Ministers Department, International Terrorism, 5 May 1977, 1.

22 Prime Ministers Department, International Terrorism, 5 May 1977, 2.

23 Prime Ministers Department, International Terrorism, 5 May 1977, 1.

24 Prime Ministers Department, International Terrorism, 5 May 1977, 2.

25 New Zealand Mission to the United Nations, New York, General Assembly Thirty-Second Session, 15 March 1978, 1.

26 Prime Ministers Department, International Terrorism, 5 May 1977, 2.

27 Cabinet Office, International Terrorism: Cabinet Committee on Terrorism, 9 May 1977, 1 -2.

28 Prime Minister’s Office, Memorandum for Cabinet Committee on Terrorism: Terrorist Intelligence Centre, 28 Feb 1978, 3.

29 New Zealand Security Intelligence Service, The Government in a Hostage Situation, 6 September 1978, 1.