In Search of a Legal Solution to the Weaponisation of Space: A Russian Perspective

Author: Zvedre, Y. K.
Published in National Security Journal, 09 July 2020

References

1 ‘The Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation’, 29 June 2015, The Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Available at: https://rusemb.org.uk/press/2029

2 ‘Bold Orion’ Weapons System 199 (WS-199B)’, n.d. Available at https://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/bold-orion.htm

3 Information on the Soviet/Russian IS program available at http://www.russianspaceweb.com/is.html

4 Braxton Brick Eisel, “The FOBS of War,” AIRFORCE Magazine, 1 June 2005. Available at https://www.airforcemag.com/article/0605fobs/

5 “The Treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms and Associated Documents.” Available at  https://fas.org/nuke/control/start1/text/treatytc.htm#TREATYTOC

6 Matthew Mowthorpe, The Militarization and Weaponization of Space, (Washington DC, Lexington, 2004), pp.111-112.

7 Laura Grego, “A History of Anti-Satellite Programs,” Union of Concerned Scientists. January 2012. Available at https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/2019-09/a-history-of-ASAT-programs_lo-res.pdf

8 Ibid.

9 Geoffrey Forden, “After China’s Test: Time For a Limited Ban on Anti-Satellite Weapons,” Arms Control Association, n.d. Available at https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2007-04/features/after-chinas-test-time-limited-ban-anti-satellite-weapons

10 Kelsey Davenport, “Indian ASAT test raises space risks,” Arms Control Association, May 2019. Available at https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2019-05/news/indian-asat-test-raises-space-risks

11 Andrew Korybko, “Russia’s Response to India’s ASAT Missile Test Wasn’t What New Delhi Expected,” Global Search, April 1, 2019. Available at https://www.globalresearch.ca/ russias-response-to-indias-asat-missile-test-wasnt-what-new-delhi-expected/5673254

12 “National Space Policy of the United States of America,” released on 6 October 2006. Available at https://www.globalsecurity.org/jhtml/jframe.html#https://www.globalsecurity.org/space/library/policy/ national/us- space-policy_060831.pdf

13 “National Space Policy of the United States of America,” released on 28 June 2010. Avail- able at https://www.globalsecurity.org/jhtml/jframe.html#https://www.globalsecurity.org/ space/library/policy/national/100628_national_space_policy.pdf

14 “National Security Strategy of the United States of America”, issued on December 18, 2017. Available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Fi- nal-12-18-2017-0905.pdf

15 “President Donald J. Trump is Launching America’s Space Force,” White House Fact Sheet, 23 October 2018. Available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-launching-americas-space-force/

16 “Trump signs defense bill establishing U.S. Space Force: What comes next” by Sandra Erwin. “Space News”, December 20, 2019. Available at https://spacenews.com/trump-signs- defense-bill-establishing-u-s-space-force-what-comes-next/

17 In the US Air Force vocabulary, counterspace is a mission, like counterair, that integrates offensive and defensive operations to attain and maintain the desired control and protection in and through outer space.

18 “Challenges to Security in Space,” [US] Defense Intelligence Agency, 2019. Available at https://media.defense.gov/2019/Feb/11/2002088710/-1/-1/1/SPACE-SECURITY-CHALLENGES.PDF

19 “Putin urges greater attention to strengthening orbital group of satellites,” TASS, 5 December 2019. Available at https://tass.com/science/1095757

20 “Foreign Ministers take decisions to adapt NATO, recognize space as an operational domain,” NATO, 20 November 2019. Available at https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_171028.htm

21 “U.S. Space Command blasts Russia for anti-satellite missile test,” Space News, 15 April 2020. Available at https://spacenews.com/u-s-space-command-blasts-russia-for-anti-satellite-missile-test/